Part 1  聽力

1. W: This table is reserved for you, sir.

M: It looks like a nice table, but it's too close to the kitchen door.

Q: Where does the conversation most probably take place?

2. M: I saw you on TV yesterday. You were ever so good. You didn't look nervous.

W: To be frank. When it was my turn to speak, I really had my heart in my mouth.

Q: What does the woman mean?

3. M: Shall we go and try that snack bar around the corner?

W: I can't eat anything. My head aches.

Q: What can we learn about the woman?

4. W: A single room is fifty pounds per night, and a double room sixty pounds per night. Stay two nights and you'll get another for free.

M: A single room for three nights, please.

Q: How much should the man pay for his room?

5. W: How did you do in the writing contest?

M: If only I had paid more attention to spelling.

Q: What can we learn about the man?

6. M: Hey, Joan, what's up?

W: Nothing much. It's my son! It doesn't seem easy for him to get used to the new school.

Q: How does Joan most probably feel about her son?

7. M: Have you heard from Mary lately? It's said she is not working as a fitness coach.

W: I got an email from her last week. She has been working at a school since she left our firm.

Q: Who are the two speakers talking about?

8. W: How did the lecture go?

M: Oh, you should have seen those young people. Thirsty for knowledge, drinking in my wisdom. （生活大爆炸臺(tái)詞S04E14）

Q: What does the man mean?

9. M: Look at the menu. Everything looks great, but that's too expensive.

W: Have anything you like? Tom said it's on our boss.

Q: Who will pay the bill?

10. W: David, I got you a present, a solar powered calculator.

M: I don't need a calculator, Mom. I am one.

Q: What does David imply?

Section B

Questions 11 through 13 are based on the following passage.

The calm waters of Rose Bay in Sydney are disturbed only when a sea plane comes into land and take off again. In some way, Rose Bay has witnessed the surprising history of flying boats, type of early sea plane. On fifth of July, 1938, an empire class flying boat departed from here, Australia's first international airport. It was heading for England and mark the start of the golden age of flying boats. Over ten days, with thirty stops along the route, passengers enjoyed a first-class service, including breakfasts of fruit, steak, juice and wine.

But the flight didn't come cheap. Tickets were far beyond the reach of most Australians at a price that was equivalent to an annual salary. The service was suspended in 1942 as war took hold, and the planes were officially used by the air force. By the time normal life started again after the war, land-based aircraft had developed rapidly, and flying boats were looking increasingly out of date. However, Sydney and its vast waters remained well placed to exploit their resources, and so began a new age for the flying boats.

Questions:

11. When did the golden age of flying boats start?

12. Why was the service of empire class flying boats stopped in the early 1940s?

13. What is the speaker mainly talking about?

Questions 14 through 16 are based on the following passage.

According to some psychologists, intelligence is the ability to learn from experience, adapt to new situations, understand and handle abstract concepts, and use knowledge to change one's environment. Skills like learning, memory, reasoning, and problem solving enhance these abilities. Therefore, certain habits may be evidence you've got these skills. For example, it is commonly thought that those who are intelligent are organized and have everything in their work space arranged neatly. But that's not the case.

In an experiment from the University of Minnesota, people in a messy setting came up with more creative ideas than those in a neat space. Kathleen Watts, study author says disorderly environments seem to inspire breaking free of tradition, which can produce fresh idea. Orderly environments, in contrast, encourage following traditions and playing it safe. But according to Jonathan White, a research scientist at Duke University, creativity is one of the qualities that smarter people tend to possess, and it may actually lead to messiness. He says it's not messiness that helps creativity, but creativity which may create messiness. Such people tend to get lost in thought while focusing on a problem or issue. And cleanliness becomes of less importance than focusing on the problem at hand.

Questions:

14. According to the passage, what are intelligent people like in most people's eyes?

15. According to Jonathan White from Duke University, Which of the following statements is true?

16. What is the passage mainly about?

Questions 17 through 20 are based on the following conversation.

W: James, have you read about the new research into the human brain?

M: Not yet. What does it say?

W: It says men are better at some things like map reading and finding direction, while women are better at other things, like remembering words and faces.

M: Interesting! Now I understand why I'm the one in my family who does all the map reading.

W: The research was done by a team from the University of Pennsylvania. They looked at the brains of nearly one thousand men and women and found they are wired differently.

M: Wired differently? You mean “connected in different ways”?

W: Right! In males, the stronger connections run within each half of the brain. In women, the stronger connections are between the two sides of the brain.

M: I see.

W: The difference might explain why men are better at learning and performing a single task, like reading maps or cycling. But women are often better at doing several things at the same time. They can also concentrate on a task for longer.

M: Now, I can understand why I cannot do several things together.

W: But not everyone agrees. A professor from the University of Oxford said the connections inside the brain are not permanently fixed, and the brain is very complex. Without sufficient data, you can't jump to any general conclusions.

M: I guess the professor is right.

(Now, listen again.)

Questions:

17: What is the conversation mainly about?

18: Compared with women's brains, what does the new research find out about men's brains?

19: According to the new research, which of the following are women better at?

20: What does the professor from the University of Oxford think of the new research findings?

點(diǎn)評

短對話相對來說比較簡單。內(nèi)容場景涉及餐廳、酒店等常考場景；對話主題也都是日常校園和生活中常討論到的話題。從出題角度來看，在常見的6類題型中，本次聽力考到了邏輯關(guān)系類、否定和肯定類、條件類、請求建議類和推測內(nèi)涵類五類題。但是考生除了要熟悉這些題型，更重要的是要注重平時(shí)常見的地道表達(dá)。比如“have my heart in my mouth”就是在表達(dá)“nervous”的意思。而“It’s on our boss”的意思是“由老板請客”（口語中我們經(jīng)常會(huì)說出“It’s on me.”來表示“由我來請客”）。同時(shí)，考生也可以借助聽力中的一些語法知識(shí)，更好的理解文本。比如，第五題中的虛擬語氣“If only I had paid more attention to spelling”可推出真實(shí)情況是男士沒有注意拼寫問題，進(jìn)而判斷寫作比賽表現(xiàn)不好。再如第十題的“I  don't need a calculator, mom, I am one”，one在這里是代詞， 指代calculator，即男士說他就是個(gè)計(jì)算器，言外之意是他擅長計(jì)算。

篇章的第一篇選擇了一篇說明文，介紹了飛艇歷史�？疾榱思�(xì)節(jié)聽辨（時(shí)間和原因）及主旨概括。題目的難度較低，基本上抓住關(guān)鍵詞“On 5th July， 1938”和“ war”基本上就能選擇正確了。

篇章的第二篇難度有所上升，開頭先分析了心理學(xué)家對intelligence（智力）的定義，以及大多數(shù)人認(rèn)為智力就是能保證井然有序，但接下來筆鋒一轉(zhuǎn)，引出觀點(diǎn)，事實(shí)不是如此�？忌�要能把握住“But that’s not the case”。而之后篇章提到的Kathleen 和 Jonathan 的結(jié)論也不一致。因此需要考生在做聽力筆記時(shí)對應(yīng)精確，聽問題時(shí)聽清楚問的是誰的觀點(diǎn)。

長對話內(nèi)容涉及關(guān)于人腦的新研究，研究關(guān)于男女大腦構(gòu)造的不同之處，并有可能解釋為什么男女擅長的領(lǐng)域不同的問題。對于長對話題型來講，討論新科技，難度還是比較大的，不過關(guān)于男女大腦構(gòu)造不同的文章比較多，可能有的同學(xué)在做閱讀訓(xùn)練時(shí)就有讀過類似的觀點(diǎn)，因此內(nèi)容上不算新穎。

    

總之，考生要想提高聽力的準(zhǔn)確率。不僅要抓住“聽”的輸入，也要結(jié)合地道口達(dá)、語法和背景知識(shí)，綜合地提高自身的英語能力。

備考攻略

如何提高英語聽力？——推薦“跟讀”

    跟讀是一種很經(jīng)典的聽說練習(xí)方法，它是指用一種語言接近同步地重復(fù)目標(biāo)語言中的話，在這個(gè)過程中我們要模仿材料中說話者的語氣，努力保持同樣的語調(diào)、節(jié)奏和語速。跟讀也是一個(gè)耳朵、大腦和嘴巴協(xié)調(diào)處理信息的過程，它對于提升聽力和口語水平都有很大幫助。具體來講，跟讀有以下幾個(gè)好處：提升聽力理解水平（提升短時(shí)記憶時(shí)間以及記憶容量，從而提升聽力理解水平）、提升語音語調(diào)（掌握重讀、連讀、弱讀、不完全爆破以及升降調(diào)，準(zhǔn)確地聽音辨詞識(shí)義）、提升聽力詞匯量（糾正原先的錯(cuò)誤發(fā)音，提升聽力詞匯量）、提升遣詞造句能力（內(nèi)化材料中實(shí)用的單詞、短語以及句型）。

     跟讀是一個(gè)有效提高聽說水平的方法，但做好跟讀并不只是隨便找一段材料開始跟讀那么簡單，材料的選取也很關(guān)鍵。剛開始跟讀時(shí)可以選一些語速較慢且自己感興趣的材料，后面適應(yīng)后可以慢慢過渡到難度高一點(diǎn)的材料。在這里推薦比較適合入門的材料：新概念英語系列和美國總統(tǒng)等名人演講。

    重點(diǎn)推薦昂立外語新概念2和新概念3和昂立外語高中聽說課程，前兩冊的文章音頻語速較慢，知識(shí)點(diǎn)密集，在跟讀過程中能學(xué)到不少東西。后者是專門針對突破高考英語的聽力與口試，基礎(chǔ)與突破雙管齊下。

Tips: 

    在跟讀的過程中發(fā)現(xiàn)有聽不懂的地方，可以在一段材料播放結(jié)束后仔細(xì)閱讀原文，找出聽不懂的地方做標(biāo)記，并弄清楚意思不確定的詞或句子。接下來在不看材料的基礎(chǔ)上繼續(xù)進(jìn)行第二次第三次跟讀，直至能夠以正確的語音語調(diào)跟讀所聽到的所有內(nèi)容。

Part2語法填空題與詞匯題

十一選十 （又稱小貓釣魚）

源自于 《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》

文章主要考核了以下十一個(gè)詞：

A. repetitive  B. continually  C. alertsD. pattern  E. locate  F. mentalG. challenge  H. network  I. evolvingJ. reversely  K. literac

    

    Bill Drayton invented the term "social entrepreneur" and founded Ashoka, the organization that supports 3,500 of them in 93 countries. He's a legend in the nonprofit world, so I went to him this week to see if he could offer some clarity and hope in discouraging times. He did not disappoint.

    Drayton believes we're in the middle of a necessary but painful historical transition. For millenniums most people's lives had a certain pattern. You went to school to learn a trade or a skill一baking, farming or accounting. Then you could go into the work force and make a good living repeating the same skill over the course of your career.

    But these days machines can do pretty much anything that's repetitive. The new world requires a different sort of person. Drayton calls this new sort of person a changemaker.

Changemakers are people who can see the patterns around them, identify the problems in any situation, figure out ways to solve the problem, organize fluid teams, lead collective action and then continually adapt as situations change.

    For example, Ashoka fellow Andrés Gallardo is a Mexican who lived in a high crime neighborhood. He created an app, called Haus, that allows people to network with their neighbors. The app has a panic button that alerts everybody in the neighborhood when a crime is happening. It allows neighbors to organize, chat, share crime statistics and work together.

    To form and lead this community of communities, Gallardo had to possess what Drayton calls “cognitive empathy-based living for the good of all." Cognitive empathy is the ability to perceive how people are feeling in evolving circumstances. “For the good of all” is the capacity to build teams.It doesn' t matter if you are working in the cafeteria or the inspection line of a plant, companies will now only hire people who can    locate problems and organize responses.

    Millions of people already live with this mind-set. But a lot of people still inhabit the world of following rules and repetitive skills. They hear society telling them :“ We don' t need you. We don' t need your kids, either." Of course, those people go into reactionary mode and strike back.

    In an earlier era, he says, society realized it needed universal literacy. Today, schools have to develop the curriculums and assessments to make the changemaking mentality universal. They have to understand this is their criteria for success.

    Ashoka has studied social movements to find out how this kind of mental shift can be promoted. It turns out that successful movements take similar steps.

點(diǎn)評與備考攻略

A. repetitive

adj. 重復(fù)性的

詞匯難度不大，注意詞性。考察點(diǎn)在于詞匯的含義。

B. continually

adv. 不斷地

詞匯難度不大，注意詞性。可以根據(jù)詞性以及含義確定所填位置。

C. alerts

v. 使…警覺

可能會(huì)有部分學(xué)生對于這個(gè)詞不熟悉�？疾禳c(diǎn)依舊是詞匯的含義，不過可以通過詞性判斷適當(dāng)做排除。

D. pattern

n. 模式

學(xué)生可能掌握本詞的“圖案”一意，但考察的是另一個(gè)含義，學(xué)生可以通過上下文語境進(jìn)行詞義聯(lián)想。

E. locate

v. 定位；本題考察的是詞匯的抽象用法。在文中“l(fā)ocate”并不指地理位置上的定位，而是指精準(zhǔn)地找到問題。

F. mental

adj. 腦力的；上文有提到“mind-set”、“mentality universal”等，所以所填位置想表達(dá)的是思想上的一種轉(zhuǎn)變（mental shift）。

G. challenge

n. 挑戰(zhàn)；本詞難度不大，學(xué)生應(yīng)該掌握。

H. network

v. 建立人際關(guān)系網(wǎng)；本詞難度不大，不過學(xué)生要注意它做動(dòng)詞的用法以及含義。不過這點(diǎn)可以適當(dāng)聯(lián)想獲得。

I. evolving

v. 逐步發(fā)展；本題考察含義以及語法，學(xué)生可以從這個(gè)單詞的原形入手了解詞義，再根據(jù)所填空前的“in”確認(rèn)正確的語法形式。

J. reversely

adv. 相反地；可能有部分學(xué)生對本詞不熟悉，導(dǎo)致和選項(xiàng)中其它副詞相混淆。

K. literacy

n. 識(shí)字；部分學(xué)生可能對本詞不熟悉，考點(diǎn)考察詞義。

 

文章評析：

本文選自《紐約時(shí)報(bào)》，對于學(xué)生有一定的難度。主要講了新時(shí)代所需要的人才是能夠脫離機(jī)械重復(fù)性勞動(dòng)的人才，是能夠從中洞察問題并能夠團(tuán)隊(duì)協(xié)作解決問題適應(yīng)時(shí)代變化的人才。文中不乏一些難詞，但部分詞匯在文中都有很好地解釋，學(xué)生要擅于把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)以及信息關(guān)系�？碱}難度尚可，學(xué)生可以根據(jù)詞性判斷、所掌握的詞匯以及上下文語境等線索選出正確答案。

Part  3  閱讀題 

完形填空

源自于《英國衛(wèi)報(bào)》（The Guardian）

    More people are travelling than ever before, and lower barriers to entry and falling costs means they are doing so for shorter periods.

    The rise of “city breaks” - 48-hour bursts of foreign cultures, easier on the pocket and annual leave balance has increased tourist numbers, but not their geographic spread. The same attractions have been used to market cities such as Paris, Barcelona and Venice for decades, and visitors use the same infrastructure as residents to reach them. “Too many people do the same thing at the exact same time," says Font. “For locals, the city no longer belongs to them."

    This starts with marketing, says Font, who notes that Amsterdam has started advising visitors to seek accommodation outside of the city centre on its official website. “That takes some balls, really, to do that. But only so many people will look at the website, and it means they can say to their residents they 're doing all they can to ease congestion."

    But it also proposes a better way, it is calling  “detourism”: sustainable travel tips and alternative it ineraries for exploring an authentic Venice, off the paths beaten by the 28 million visitors who flock there each year.

    A greater variety of guidance for prospective visitors 一 ideas for what to do in off-peak seasons, for example, or outside of the city centre 一 can have the effect of diverting them from already saturated landmarks, or discouraging short breaks away in the first place. Longer stays ease the pressure, says Font. “If you go to Paris for two days, you're going to go to the Eiffel Tower. If you go for two weeks, you're not going to go to the Eiffel tower 14 times."

    Similarly, repeat visitors have a better sense of the culture. “We should be asking how do we get tourists to come back, not how to get them to come for the first time. If they're coming for the fifth time, it is much easier to integrate their behaviour with ours.”

    Local governments can foster this sustainable activity by giving preference to responsible operators and even high-paying consumers. Font says cities could stand to be more selective about the tourists they try to attract when the current metric for marketing success is how many there are, and how far they've come. “You're thinking, 'yeah, but at what cost……'"

    He points to unpublished data from the Barcelona Tourist Board that prioritizes Japanese tourists for spending an average of 40 Eruos more per day than French tourists 一a comparison that fails to take into account their bigger carbon footprint. French tourists are also more likely to be repeat visitors that come at off-peak times, buy local produce, and spread out to less crowded parts of the city all productive steps towards more sustainable tourism, and more peaceful relations with residents.

    More people are travelling than ever before, and lower barriers to entry and falling costs means they are doing so for shorter periods.

 

shorter：重要考上下文的理解，下文48-hour bursts，因此當(dāng)今人們旅行時(shí)間變短。

 

The rise of “city breaks' - 48-hour bursts of foreign cultures, easier on the pocket and annual leave balance has increased tourist numbers, but not their geographic spread. The same attractions have been used to market cities such as Paris, Barcelona and Venice for decades, and visitors use the same infrastructure as residents to reach them. “Too many people do the same thing at the exact same time," says Font. “For locals, the city no longer belongs to them."

 

geographic：地理的，地理學(xué)的。字面意思“并沒有擴(kuò)大分布到其它地域”，此處可以理解為旅客的增加并沒有被稀釋到其他沒那么熱門的地區(qū)。

Infrastructure：基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，公共建設(shè)

locals：當(dāng)?shù)厝耍?local people

 

This starts with marketing, says Font, who notes that Amsterdam has started advising visitors to seek accommodation outside of the city centre on its official website. “That takes some balls, really, to do that. But only so many people will look at the website, and it means they can say to their residents they 're doing all they can to ease congestion."

 

accommodation：住處，膳宿

congestion：擁堵，擁塞

 

But it also proposes a better way, it is calling  “detourism”: sustainable travel tips and alternative it ineraries for exploring an authentic Venice, off the paths beaten by the 28 million visitors who flock there each year.

 

detourism：這是一個(gè)合成詞，detour+tourism，原本detour是繞道，便道，和“旅游”一詞合并，意為繞道旅游，錯(cuò)峰旅游。

 

A greater variety of guidance for prospective visitors 一 ideas for what to do in off-peak seasons, for example, or outside of the city centre 一 can have the effect of diverting them from already saturated landmarks, or discouraging short breaks away in the first place. Longer stays ease the pressure, says Font. “If you go to Paris for two days, you're going to go to the Eiffel Tower. If you go for two weeks, you're not going to go to the Eiffel tower 14 times."

 

guidance:指導(dǎo)，引導(dǎo)。在非高峰季節(jié)做什么,例如,轉(zhuǎn)移到城市中心以外的地區(qū)旅游。

discouraging：使人沮喪的，令人氣餒的。以上措施對緩解飽和（saturated）有一定作用，人們開始逗留長一點(diǎn)。

ease：緩解。

 

    

Similarly, repeat visitors have a better sense of the culture. “We should be asking how do we get tourists to come back, not how to get them to come for the first time. If they're coming for the fifth time, it is much easier to integrate their behaviour with ours.'

 

culture：文化，文明，修養(yǎng)

for the first time：營銷的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)該是留住回頭客，而不是靠一味贏得新旅客（還記得昂立外語的高考閱讀六選四那本書嗎？我們做過一篇六選四，在Chapter7 Text2，講加拿大的客服行業(yè)面臨越來越多的投訴，商家的重點(diǎn)應(yīng)該放在留住顧客而不是贏得顧客上，有異曲同工之妙。）

 

Local governments can foster this sustainable activity by giving preference to responsible operators and even high-paying consumers. Font says cities could stand to be more selective about the tourists they try to attract when the current metric for marketing success is how many there are, and how far they've come. “You're thinking, 'yeah, but at what cost……'"

He points to unpublished data from the Barcelona Tourist Board that prioritizes Japanese tourists for spending an average of 40 Eruos more per day than French tourists 一a comparison that fails to take into account their bigger carbon footprint. French tourists are also more likely to be repeat visitors that come at off-peak times, buy local produce, and spread out to less crowded parts of the city all productive steps towards more sustainable tourism, and more peaceful relations with residents.

 

prioritize：優(yōu)先考慮

spread out：展開，鋪開。法國游客也更有可能成為非高峰時(shí)段的回頭客，他們會(huì)購買當(dāng)?shù)剞r(nóng)產(chǎn)品，然后分散到城市中不那么擁擠的地方。采取各種富有成效的措施，發(fā)展更可持續(xù)的旅游業(yè)，與居民建立更和平的關(guān)系。

sustainable：可持續(xù)的

點(diǎn)評與備考攻略

本文圍繞”city breaks” 城市假期的興起鋪開論述，旨在引出”detourism” ——“錯(cuò)峰旅游”的經(jīng)濟(jì)意義和可持續(xù)發(fā)展意義：拉動(dòng)旅行目的地的收入增長和推動(dòng)當(dāng)?shù)芈糜螛I(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。 明線暗線同時(shí)鋪開，合二歸一，立意甚高。文中客觀介紹了因?yàn)檫M(jìn)入門檻的降低、旅游成本的下降、48小時(shí)的外國文化大爆發(fā)、收入增加和年假平衡，越來越多的消費(fèi)者選擇出國旅游。但是如果所有人都同時(shí)涌向同一個(gè)地方，那么無論對于旅行體驗(yàn)的主體還是旅行目的地來說，是不是都不均勻呢？因此指出，城市需要生態(tài)休息，在市場營銷戰(zhàn)略中，“回頭客”的經(jīng)營模式的對于旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展頗為重要，希望訪客可以與居民建立更和平的關(guān)系。

原文來自英國《衛(wèi)報(bào)》，選自去年 2017年8月刊登的一篇文章 題為Tourism kills neighborhood(旅游扼殺了鄰里)，真題有所改動(dòng)。不難發(fā)現(xiàn)目前上海的大趨勢越來越向外看原文傾斜，可以說出題選擇外刊并進(jìn)行改編已經(jīng)八九不離十了，聚焦國際視野、引領(lǐng)專業(yè)方向。值得一提的是， 很多難詞80%都在高考詞匯默寫冊出現(xiàn)過，大部分也是考綱要求。平時(shí)一直上課的同學(xué)應(yīng)該跟著老師默寫過好幾輪了。  

閱讀 c 篇 

 Nuclear power looks to shrink its way to success

   

Everything about nuclear energy seems terrifically big: the cost, construction and decommissioning — and the fears of something going badly wrong.

   

The future, however, may well be much smaller. Dozens of companies are working on a new generation of reactors that, they promise, can deliver nuclear power at lower cost and reduced risk.

    

These small-scale plants will on average generate between 50MW and 300MW of power compared with the 1,000MW-plus from a conventional reactor. They will draw on modular manufacturing techniques that will reduce construction risk, which has plagued larger-scale projects.

    

Supporters believe these advanced modular reactors (AMRs) — most of which will not be commercial until the 2030s — are critical if atomic power is to compete against the rapidly falling costs of solar and wind.

    

“The physics hasn’t changed. It’s about much cleverer design that offers much-needed flexibility in terms of operation,” said Tim Stone, long-term industry adviser and chairman of Nuclear Risk Insurers, which insures nuclear sites in the UK.

   

 Since the Fukushima meltdown in Japan in 2011, safety fears have threatened nuclear power. But the biggest obstacle today is economic. In western Europe, just three plants are under construction: in the UK at Hinkley Point C in Somerset; at Flamanville in France; and at Olkiluoto in Finland. All involve the European Pressurized Reactor technology of EDF that will be used at Hinkley Point. All are running years late and over budget. In the US, the first two nuclear projects under way for the past 30 years are also blowing through cost estimates.

    

The UK, which opened the world’s first commercial nuclear reactor in 1956, is one of the few western nations committed to renewing its ageing fleet to ensure energy security and meet tough carbon reduction targets. It is seen as a proving ground, by many in the industry, of nuclear power’s ability to restore confidence.

    

However, the country’s agreement with EDF to build two units at Hinkley Point — which together will generate 3.2GW of electricity — has come under severe criticism over its cost. The government is looking at different funding models but said it still sees nuclear power as vital to the country’s future energy mix. Small reactors, it believes, have the potential to generate much-needed power from the 2030s.

A nuclear sector deal, unveiled last month, promised up to ￡56m in funding for research and development into AMRs and attracted interest of start-ups from around the world. The government hopes the funding will give the UK a lead in the global race to develop these technologies, helping to provide energy security while also creating a multibillion-dollar export market for British engineering companies.

    

“There is a big global market for small reactors. They can be deployed in more and different locations to large reactors,” said Fiona Reilly, chair of the expert finance working group set up by the UK government.

    

“The key differences with large reactors are how these smaller reactors are built — a large proportion of factory build and therefore less construction risk, and significantly smaller capital costs. Both these factors should help to attract private finance,” added Ms Reilly.

    

Eight companies attended a meeting in Birmingham last week after securing funding from the UK government as part of its initiative. Among them was U-Battery, a UK-based consortium that includes Urenco, the uranium enrichment group.

    

“Capital cost is important in nuclear,” said Steve Threlfall, general manager of U-Battery, which estimates one of its individual reactors would cost about ￡40m once multiple units have been built. The cost to build the first unit would be about ￡76m.

   

 Other aspiring builders, include Britain’s Moltex Energy and Tokamak Energy, Sweden’s LeadCold and the US Advanced Reactor Concepts (ARC), as well as a consortium involving China’s Institute of Nuclear Energy Technology.

    

They all offer a range of different technologies for numerous applications, from providing just electricity to a combination of heat and power. Some could be used to generate hydrogen. What makes them attractive is their flexibility as they can be deployed in different scenarios, helping to power a big industrial site or providing heat and power to a remote location that is not able to access a central transmission grid. Others can be built in clusters and in essence operate more like a conventional reactor.

    

Small nuclear reactors are not brand new. They are on board nuclear submarines while Russia has nuclear-operated icebreakers in the Arctic. National laboratories have also been researching the technology for decades, but nothing is yet in commercial operation at any scale.

    

The first three advanced modular reactors are expected to start commercial operations in China, Russia and Argentina by 2020, according to the International Atomic Energy Agency.

Future generation reactors: Two contenders

 Tokamak Energy’s ST40

    

 The Oxford-based company hopes to revolutionise power generation through cracking nuclear fusion. The main challenge it faces is that so far nuclear fusion has taken more energy than it has produced. It has built three prototypes so far. The aim is to produce modules that will generate 150-200MW of electricity

Moltex Energy’s SSR-W

   

 The privately held British company backed by wealthy individuals is focused on molten salt reactors. Co-founder Ian Scott said they can generate heat of 600 degrees that is high enough for cheap energy storage in “solar salt”, creating in essence a battery for release when needed and to back up wind and solar power.

 

Private and state-owned companies are increasingly vying for a role. In the US, notable names include TerraPower, partly founded by Bill Gates, and NuScale in Oregon, which is also looking to expand into the UK market. NuScale’s reactor — based on a light water reactor and seen as being closer to commercialisation — is under review for approval by US regulators. Its technology involves 50MW “power modules”, up to 12 of which could be combined to create a 600MW plant.

   

 Canada, in particular, is seen as a potentially lucrative market by private developers of the technology. Reactors could help replace coal plants, provide local power for resource extraction such as in oil recovery or serve remote communities that are not connected to the grid.

   

 Moltex Energy recently signed a deal with a Canadian-government owned utility to work towards building a 300MW commercial demonstration version of its stable salt reactor.

    

Ian Scott, co-founder of Moltex, said the company still believed the UK market was attractive “if you get the economics right”. Not only does the country have a need for a large amount of energy but it also benefits from a good regulator, good levels of nuclear expertise and a “generally pro-nuclear population”, he said.

Yet even the smaller reactors face a cost challenge. The higher cost to build the first of a kind reactor is regarded as a key challenge for the nascent industry, coupled with getting the technologies licensed. An independent report by Atkins and EY, the consultancy, and commissioned by the UK government two years ago, found that first of a kind costs for small modular reactors would be higher relative to large nuclear reactors.

     

But this does not mean the big dream for small nuclear is over, said Dougald Middleton, partner at EY. “The first customer would not carry all of the product development costs for a car or a commercial jet.”Chinese partner for DBD bid.

    

A Chinese nuclear institute has emerged as one of the winners of the UK government’s recent competition for advanced modular reactors, the Financial Times can reveal.

    

The Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology (INET), a research department based at Tsinghua University, is the prime sub-contractor on the contract. It has partnered with a UK-based engineering advisory group, DBD, which is spearheading the bid but the Chinese role was not disclosed in the government release on the deal. China already holds a stake in the Hinkley Point nuclear plant but ministers have been sensitive to the country having a controlling stake in projects.

   

The partnership, said David Cuming, DBD’s managing director of emerging markets, was “meant to be beneficial to both countries”. China, he added, “has a nuclear industry that is highly developed”.

    

The consortium will study the application of a Chinese design that uses pebble bed technology. These reactors are fuelled by circulating fuel pebbles that produce high-temperature heat that can be used for a wide range of applications. The technology enables the reactors to gradually cool down without any intervention if an accident happens.

INET started building its first experimental reactor in 1995 as one of China’s key national sponsored programmes. In 2006, Tsinghua University co-invested Rmb3bn with Huaneng and China Nuclear Power, two Chinese state-owned energy companies, to build a reactor with a capacity of 221MW of electricity in the Shandong province.

點(diǎn)評與備考攻略

本文選自英國金融時(shí)報(bào)（Financial Times）,題材較為傳統(tǒng)，能源問題一直都是熱點(diǎn)，特別是目前全球經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展相關(guān)的能源問題，更是熱點(diǎn)，所以考生在平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)過程中還是要注重對外刊的閱讀，特別是英美國家的報(bào)刊雜志，關(guān)于經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，能源開發(fā)，金融政策等。本文相對來說難度一般，生詞不多，學(xué)生讀懂文章大意并不困難，所以對于閱讀的主旨大意題，應(yīng)該失分不多；可能對于細(xì)節(jié)題需要特別注意，比如：文中第一部分，small-scale plants的優(yōu)勢有哪些方面；第二部分，兩個(gè)contender之間特點(diǎn)的對比；第三部分，中國核能發(fā)展優(yōu)勢的具體體現(xiàn)等等。

    

第一個(gè)部分為引入和總述，介紹了目前世界核能的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀以及前景，特別強(qiáng)調(diào)了它的優(yōu)點(diǎn)長處以及短處危機(jī)等。要想解決大型核電站帶來的費(fèi)用高昂以及核泄漏等劣勢，本文主要是介紹了未來核能發(fā)展的趨勢——small-scale plants以及advanced modular reactors (AMRs)這種新一代核能反應(yīng)堆的開發(fā)和應(yīng)用。緊接著作者以目前英國該項(xiàng)技術(shù)的發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀談?wù)摿碎_發(fā)這種AMR所涉及的一系列問題，特別強(qiáng)調(diào)了經(jīng)濟(jì)和財(cái)力支持以及全球核能市場的問題。在第一部分的后，作者強(qiáng)調(diào)，目前AMR技術(shù)核能反應(yīng)堆將在2020年投入經(jīng)濟(jì)使用的國家為俄羅斯，中國，阿根廷。

    

第二部分主要介紹了未來兩家具有競爭力的AMR技術(shù)組織：Tokamak Energy’s ST40以及Moltex Energy’s SSR-W，并分別介紹了各自的特點(diǎn)和發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀。

    

第三部分主要介紹了中國目前核能的發(fā)展，針對AMRs技術(shù)，中國贏得了DBD bid并和英國成立合作關(guān)系，在這項(xiàng)合作計(jì)劃中，中國利用其本身已經(jīng)具有的核能發(fā)展優(yōu)勢進(jìn)行的一系列核能發(fā)展項(xiàng)目。

Part  4   summary writing

選自 美國環(huán)保署網(wǎng)站文章

Where are the bees?

    

Bees are essential to the production of food we eat. Bees make honey, but they also pollinate large areas of crops, such as strawberries, apples and onions. About a third of the food we eat is a result of pollination of the bees. Unfortunately, bees have been disappearing at an alarming rate.

    

In 2006, bee keepers started reporting about something called Colony Collapse Disaster(CCD). The main sign of CCD is the loss of adult honey bees from a hive. In October of 2006, some beekeepers reported that they had lost between 30 and 90 percent of their hives.

    

There were many theories for the disappearance of the bees. But the most convincing one has to do with pesticides and lifestyles of bees today. Nowadays, beekeeper get most of their income not from producing honey but from renting bees to pollinate plants. This means that the life of the typical bee now consists of traveling all around the country to pollinate crops as the seasons change. That means a lot of traveling on trucks, which is very stressful to bees. It is not unusual for up to 30% of the hive to die during transport due to stress. In addition, bees that spend most of their time locked up on trucks are not exposed to what they usually live on. Instead, they live on a sweet liquid from corn, usually polluted with pesticides.

   

 The exact reason for the disappearance of bees is not sure, but losing bees is very costly to the economy. The bee pollination services are worth over $8 billion a year.

    

With no bees, pollination will have to be done by hand, which would have effects on the quality of food and increased food prices. We hear a lot about big environmental disasters almost every day. But one of the biggest may just be the loss of that tiny flying insect.

點(diǎn)評與備考攻略

本文是一篇講述蜜蜂數(shù)量減少的說明文。蜜蜂在生物世界中起著重要作用，但是由于農(nóng)藥的濫用、蜂農(nóng)千里迢迢租用蜜蜂用于授粉等原因，蜜蜂正在大批死亡。本文對蜜蜂數(shù)量大幅減少的原因進(jìn)行了分析。

 

提高SW攻略：

    

何謂概要寫作？顧名思義，是一個(gè)篇章的簡短形式，或者說，是壓縮版的篇章。為什么要考概要寫作？是為了檢驗(yàn)?zāi)銓ζ�章的理解能力—首先，你得讀懂文章。如果整個(gè)文章你都不知所云，寫出來的summary writing(以下縮寫為SW)只能說是你創(chuàng)作的一篇小作文。再者，SW考查同學(xué)們提取關(guān)鍵信息的能力—如果把次要信息都放了進(jìn)去，有超過字?jǐn)?shù)限制(60字，多一個(gè)都不行)的潛在危險(xiǎn)，還說明你還是沒有把握住文章的主要內(nèi)容，那就再去讀。另外一個(gè)關(guān)鍵得分點(diǎn)，也是評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)里要求的，要客觀總結(jié)作者觀點(diǎn)，不要摻雜自己的看法。筆者以往數(shù)次遇到這樣的同學(xué)—英語功底很扎實(shí)，作文寫的也不錯(cuò)，一到SW就發(fā)怵，因?yàn)槟憧此?她)的SW，就像是在看一篇全新的文章—因?yàn)榧恿颂�多他自己的評價(jià)，可是事實(shí)上，原文作者也很冤枉，他真的沒有那個(gè)意思�。�

    

這樣就會(huì)造成一個(gè)尷尬的極端—有同學(xué)會(huì)想:不加自己的想法可以啊，保險(xiǎn)點(diǎn)，我用原文中的詞總沒錯(cuò)了吧？不好意思，評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)里也說了，用你自己的語言總結(jié)，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)連續(xù)的三四個(gè)詞或以上都是出自原文，是要扣分的！另外，避免在文章中涵蓋具體動(dòng)作或是事件的詳細(xì)信息。60個(gè)字的字?jǐn)?shù)限制，光總結(jié)全文大意都緊緊張張的，就不要加什么細(xì)節(jié)了吧！

    

從結(jié)構(gòu)而言，SW又有點(diǎn)像論文，所以排篇布局時(shí)，也可以模仿論文的結(jié)構(gòu)—介紹、主干、總結(jié)。通讀全文之后，找到每一小段的中心句，為了避免重復(fù)原文，用paraphrase的方式(用英語解釋英語)總結(jié)一下，然后把幾個(gè)關(guān)鍵信息點(diǎn)按照邏輯連接起來，后檢查一下，自己通讀一遍，體會(huì)一下跟原文作者想表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)是否一致。

    

想要寫好SW,非一朝一夕之功，需要多練習(xí)才可以寫好。這其中包涵了優(yōu)秀的閱讀理解能力、概括總結(jié)能力、寫作能力，還有堅(jiān)實(shí)的語法基礎(chǔ)。愿同學(xué)們都能答好這一道題！

Part 5翻譯

1.究竟是什么激發(fā)了小王學(xué)習(xí)電子工程的積極性？(motivate)

2.網(wǎng)上支付方便了用戶，但是犧牲了他們的隱私。(at the cost of)

3.讓我父母非常滿意的是，從這個(gè)公寓的餐廳可以看見街對面的世紀(jì)公園，從起居室也可以。(so)

4.博物館疏于管理，展品積灰，門庭冷清，急需改善。（whose）

 

參考譯文：

1.What is it that motivates Xiao Wang to learn electronic engineering?

2.Though online payment makes it convenient to users, it’s at the cost of sacrificing their privacy.

3.What makes my parents very satisfied is that the dining room of this flat can overlook the Century Park across the street, so can its living room.

4.  For lack of management/ Lacking management, the museum whose exhibits are covered with dust has been rarely visited, which is in urgent need of improvemen

點(diǎn)評與備考攻略

對于我們上�？忌鷣碚f， 成語和短語翻譯的考查并不算新鮮，早在2005年的秋考已經(jīng)開始出現(xiàn)成語或俗語:

2005年：刮目相看。

2006年：心煩意亂

2008年：一無所知

2012年：翹首以盼

2013年：耳熟能詳。

    

在近幾年各區(qū)的�？碱}中更是“屢見不鮮”。想必考過或做過17年徐匯區(qū)二模的同學(xué)們對”會(huì)當(dāng)凌絕頂，一覽眾山小“還”心有戚戚“？今天小編就為同學(xué)們編了一些在歷年秋考及模考中出現(xiàn)的成語或四字短語，以供參考。

疏于管理，展品積灰，門廳清冷： --2019春考

齊心協(xié)力: work together --2018徐匯

蓬勃發(fā)展：the booming of sth  --2018崇明

效果顯著, 立竿見影：sth. has distinct and immediate effect  --2018秋考

唾手可得：sth. is at hand/available  --2017長寧

因人而異：vary from person to person  --2017虹口

熟視無睹：turn a blind eye to sth.  --2017黃浦

按部就班：of one’s own schedule/ step by step/ sth. be in order  --2017秋考

堅(jiān)守崗位，嚴(yán)格執(zhí)法：stick to the post and carry out the law strictly  --2016閔行   

大相徑庭：be big differences between  --2016黃浦

置若罔聞：turn a deaf ear to sth.  --2016黃浦

欣喜萬分：sb. be full of/ filled with joy  --2016秋考

精心準(zhǔn)備：sth. be carefully prepared  --2015秋考

遭遇不測：sth. terrible might happen  --2014秋考

耳熟能詳：be fauliar to sb./sth.  --2013秋考

翹首以盼：look forward to sth./doing sth.  --2012秋考

一無所知：be ignorant of  -- 2008秋考

心煩意亂：make sb. setup  --2006秋考

刮目相看：look at sb. differently/with new eyes.  --2005秋考

 

從上面總結(jié)的詞組同學(xué)們應(yīng)該也看出來了，當(dāng)我們把中文里高，大，上的成語或四字短語翻譯成英文時(shí)，是把這個(gè)成語或四字背后的含義找到恰當(dāng)?shù)脑~，詞組準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)出來即可。

 

比如：會(huì)當(dāng)凌絕頂，一覽眾山小。 --2017徐匯

字面含義：當(dāng)人登上泰山的頂峰,俯瞰眾山,而眾山就會(huì)顯得極為渺小。

When I stand on the top of Mount. Tai, the other mountains appear so small.

When reaching the top of Mount. Tai, I hold all mountains in a single glance.

這里如果不知道是泰山也沒有關(guān)系，只需要表達(dá)出山頂即可。

 

壓軸題2019年春考：博物館疏于管理，展品積灰，門庭冷落，急需改善。（whose）

字面含義：博物館因?yàn)楣芾聿簧�，無人參觀久而久之展品上都落滿了灰塵。這種狀況需要立即找出辦法，提高管理水平。

或體主干：博物館急需改善。

The museum is in urgent need of improvement.

分析其他成分：

a.疏于管理是主要原因。

as the poor management

b.展品積灰，門庭冷落是屬于博物館疏于管理的表象。

the museum whose exhibits are covered with dust

the museum has rarely been visited

合并同類項(xiàng)：the museum whose exhibits are covered with dust has rarely been visited

c.把各成分整合成完整的句子。

As the poor management, the museum whose exhibits are covered with dust has rarely been visited and therefore, it is in urgent need of improvement.

Part  6   作文

2019年春考作文：（根據(jù)學(xué)生回憶整理）

假如你是明啟中學(xué)的李華，你的朋友李楠給你寫了一封信，告訴你他要開發(fā)一個(gè)新的APP，用這個(gè)軟件共享衣服，且可為共享者賺取一定收益，想要征集大家的看法。文章需要包含以下兩點(diǎn)：

1.你是否愿意共享你的衣服

2.給出理由

（信的格式已給）

 

附上參考例文：

Dear Li Nan,

Delighted to learn that your admirable idea of developing a new application for sharing clothes that can also make profits for sharer, I am willing to share my own. From my perspective, it is undoubtedly a wisdom at the rational disposal of idle clothes.

   

To begin with, a numerous amount of money will be saved by sharing what we seldom, or even never put on. Overlooking the current society, we may clearly see that fashion takes a leading position. The pursuit of diversity in dressing drives us to consume more by purchasing fashionable clothes rather than keeping an unchanged and dull style. Thanks to the benefits of sharing clothes, not only will the spending be greatly cut down, but also it will satisfy different appetites for various demands. Not only that, profits we earn provide us with another free choice. Moreover, sharing clothes contributes to environment protection as well as resource preservation. Whether during the period of production or at the disposal of the remaining, toxic components or chemical ingredients, to some extent, have negative impacts on our surroundings. It is sharing clothes that prolongs the life cycle of clothes and avoids unnecessary waste as well. Thus, the edge of sharing clothes is by no means disappointing at this aspect.

    

In a word, though many factors still should be taken into consideration in advance before popularizing, I firmly believe that this creative idea will prevail in the near future. If permitted, I would like to be your first supporter.

 

Yours Sincerely,

Li Hua

點(diǎn)評與備考攻略

以17-19三年的高考英語作文作為例子，看看改革后的作文方面的考察有無變化呢。

2019年1月上海高考英語作文題目（學(xué)生回憶版）

假設(shè)你是明啟中學(xué)的學(xué)生李華，你的朋友李楠給你寫了一封信，告訴你他要開發(fā)一個(gè)新的APP，用這個(gè)軟件共享衣服，且可為共享者賺取一定收益，想要征求大家的看法，文章需包括以下兩點(diǎn)：

1、你是否愿意共享你的衣服；

2、給出理由。----現(xiàn)象觀點(diǎn)

2018年6月上海高考英語作文題目（學(xué)生回憶版）

假設(shè)你是明啟中學(xué)的高三學(xué)生盧平，學(xué)校英語報(bào)向高三學(xué)生進(jìn)行征文，題目為my teachers，盧平也想投稿，具體要求：

1、請你將認(rèn)識(shí)的老師進(jìn)行分類；

2、具體描述每一類老師的特征。

2018年1月上海高考英語作文題目（學(xué)生回憶版）

1、假設(shè)你是明啟中學(xué)的學(xué)生王磊，你校引進(jìn)一個(gè)機(jī)器人擔(dān)任餐廳服務(wù)員或者圖書館管理員，并在英語貼吧征求學(xué)生意見，你很感興趣，決定回帖響應(yīng)，你所寫的內(nèi)容應(yīng)包括：

2、你認(rèn)為機(jī)器人適合擔(dān)任的一個(gè)崗位，二選一；

3、通過比較，闡述你的理由，可以從工作效率、服務(wù)范圍等方面進(jìn)行比較。

2017年6月上海高考英語作文題目（學(xué)生回憶版）

假設(shè)你是明啟中學(xué)的學(xué)生王磊，你校學(xué)生會(huì)將組織一次徒步活動(dòng)，并在校園網(wǎng)公布了如下方案，征求師生的意見，寫一封郵件給活動(dòng)組織者，內(nèi)容必須包括：

你認(rèn)為方案中需要改進(jìn)的地方以及改進(jìn)建議；

你的理由。

2017年1月上海高考英語作文題目（學(xué)生回憶版）

假設(shè)你是明啟中學(xué)的學(xué)生王磊，你的好友李宏今年暑假將赴英國參加為期兩個(gè)月的海外交流活動(dòng)。如果選擇主辦方安排的住宿，他需要額外支付較高的費(fèi)用。但是他也可以通過為當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)養(yǎng)老院提供每月三十小時(shí)的義工服務(wù)，獲得在養(yǎng)老院免費(fèi)住宿的機(jī)會(huì)，李宏通過郵件向你征求意見，寫一封回信，內(nèi)容必須包括：

1、你對此事跌明確態(tài)度；

2、你的理由。

縱觀這五次上海高考英語作文的命題，目測明啟中學(xué)要火，再這樣下去，明啟中學(xué)的學(xué)生怕是全都要一一出現(xiàn)在高考英語作文中了。玩笑歸玩笑，接下我們言歸正傳，好好說一說這五次的高考英語作文的命題方向，審題思路，提綱要求等等。

第一，命題方向，這五次的作文有一個(gè)共同點(diǎn)，題目都很貼近我們的現(xiàn)實(shí)生活，沒有出現(xiàn)例如環(huán)境、教育這種大方向的命題，這樣有利也有弊，好處就是學(xué)生比較容易下筆，不存在不會(huì)表達(dá)的偏僻詞匯，不會(huì)無話可說，但是也有不好的，學(xué)生容易犯空口說話的錯(cuò)誤，沒有實(shí)質(zhì)性的內(nèi)容，文章只是泛泛而談，其實(shí)這樣的命題反而增加了難度，環(huán)境、教育等大方向的命題學(xué)生可以采取背誦一些明確的觀點(diǎn)性內(nèi)容充實(shí)自己的文章，而這種貼近生活又高于生活的命題比較棘手，難以從一眾作文中出彩，所以這就要求學(xué)生平時(shí)還要多多注意一些詞組短語的表達(dá)的搜集，這樣至少可以在作文語言這一塊有所優(yōu)勢，并且平時(shí)要多接觸各種社會(huì)問題的討論，從中吸收多種觀點(diǎn)，擴(kuò)充自己的視野范圍和思考領(lǐng)域。值得一提的是今年的春考作文中仍然考到了共享經(jīng)濟(jì)的概念，本來以為自從共享單車這一熱門話題之后，估計(jì)不太可能再考察共享經(jīng)濟(jì)的話題，沒想到今年把共享單車換成了共享衣服，再一次考察共享經(jīng)濟(jì)，所以寫作課上提到的共享經(jīng)濟(jì)的話題還是要注意，并且利用業(yè)余時(shí)間擴(kuò)充這方面的話題深度和廣度。

第二，審題思路，改革后的這五次作文除了18年6月的命題，其余四篇全部都是議論文的寫作，18年6月以“my teachers”為例，說說你眼中的老師分類。其實(shí)上過高考讀寫課的同學(xué)應(yīng)該不陌生這種話題，這就是我們寫作課上第一章關(guān)于人和事中討論到的類似話題。17年1月和18年1月的兩篇都是對比類作文，從兩個(gè)方向中選擇一個(gè)來談?wù)勛约旱目捶ㄟ@種話題也是寫作課上重點(diǎn)討論的內(nèi)容，對比類的話題學(xué)生必須從中選擇一個(gè)，不可以“和稀泥”，開篇就要挑明態(tài)度，接下來按照文章要求討論理由或者建議等等；17年6月和19年1月偏向于現(xiàn)象觀點(diǎn)類的作文，先給你一個(gè)現(xiàn)象類的東西，比如17年6月，給你一個(gè)徒步方案，19年1月給你一個(gè)新的發(fā)明，讓你根據(jù)這個(gè)現(xiàn)象談?wù)効捶�，談�(wù)勥@個(gè)徒步方案改進(jìn)的地方，你對這個(gè)APP的看法。所以這五次的作文審題思路都沒有太難，學(xué)生在看到題目的時(shí)候應(yīng)該可以根據(jù)自己的所學(xué)，列出一個(gè)比較清晰的提綱要領(lǐng)，然后再下筆。我們課上的名言哲理、圖表類作文這五次還有出現(xiàn)過，不知道秋考或者以后會(huì)不會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)換方向，考察這些呢？

第三，提綱要求，不同的命題對于提綱的要求自然也不一樣，而很多學(xué)生考英語的時(shí)候容易發(fā)生的就是時(shí)間不夠，從而導(dǎo)致作文沒有足夠的時(shí)間好好審題，好好列提綱，所以一方面對于學(xué)生的做題速度有所要求，另外還有就是對于各種命題的提綱要了然于胸，比如今年的這個(gè)話題要求談?wù)勀闶欠駮?huì)愿意共享衣服，提綱參考：有明確的一個(gè)提綱，寫作的時(shí)候就不會(huì)慌不擇路，所以這五次的作文其實(shí)對于提綱的撰寫都不是特別的有難度。

第四，語言表達(dá)，一篇好的作文必須要有完整豐富的內(nèi)容，連貫順暢的語言和清晰明了的結(jié)構(gòu)，這三個(gè)缺一不可，并且相互牽扯，小編認(rèn)為語言是這三個(gè)方面的基礎(chǔ)，沒有好的語言，就不會(huì)有豐富的內(nèi)容，結(jié)構(gòu)方面自然也不會(huì)有很高的分，而這五次的作文其實(shí)對于語言表達(dá)這塊的要求是非常高的，17年1月討論去英國參加交流活動(dòng)住宿的兩個(gè)方案，其中肯定會(huì)有學(xué)生因?yàn)樵~匯量不夠無法正確地道的表達(dá)“養(yǎng)老院、義工、住宿”等相關(guān)概念，而17年6月的“徒步”估計(jì)也會(huì)難住一些學(xué)生，路線：從人民廣場出發(fā)，途徑南京路，抵達(dá)外灘（the Bund）后原路返回，應(yīng)該也會(huì)有學(xué)生非常僵硬的表達(dá)，中式英語的痕跡會(huì)比較嚴(yán)重，還有對老師的分類，主體部分的句型運(yùn)用不能太過于單一化。語言的重要可見一斑。

從這幾個(gè)方面看來以后的高中生在寫作方面面臨的壓力會(huì)更大，一方面要擴(kuò)充自己的視野范圍，增加自己的儲(chǔ)備知識(shí)，熟悉各個(gè)領(lǐng)域的相關(guān)概念，不至于言之無物；另一方面語言方面的要求會(huì)越來越高，這也是符合上海高考英語改革的大方向要求，與國際接軌，讓學(xué)生的英語更加符合該門語言的地道表達(dá)。

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